Not much really to say about this one, the title says it all, the iPad is coming to Verizon tomorrow with three different bundles all featuring an iPad Wi-Fi model and a Verizon MiFi 2200 Intelligent Mobile Hotspot, for a suggested retail price of $629.99 for iPad Wi-Fi 16 GB + MiFi, $729.99 for iPad Wi-Fi 32 GB + MiFi, and $829.99 for iPad Wi-Fi 64 GB + MiFi. Verizon Wireless is offering a monthly access plan to customers who purchase an iPad with a MiFi beginning at 1 GB of data for just $20 monthly access. In addition, Verizon Wireless will also offer all three iPad Wi-Fi models on a stand-alone basis. iPad customers can use the Verizon MiFi 2200 Intelligent Mobile Hotspot and Verizon Wireless' 3G network to browse the Web, read and send e-mail, enjoy and share photos, watch HD videos, listen to music, play games, read e-books, and much more, all using iPad's revolutionary Multi-Touch™ user interface on the go, wherever they are in Verizon Wireless nationwide 3G coverage area.The MiFi 2200 is small enough to fit in a pocket and allows customers to create a personal Wi-Fi cloud capable of sharing the high-speed Internet connectivity of the Verizon Wireless 3G Mobile Broadband network with up to five Wi-Fi-enabled devices.
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2013年6月13日星期四
UNIEA's Black Friday Sale
Uniea is a company that specializes in cases, and they’re sale is going on from today until midnight Cyber Monday. They’re doing 40% off basically everything, place your order, put the discount code in and get 40% off your entire order and get $5.95 flat rate shipping worldwide! Cases make great stocking stuffers! Quote from their email: While America is “talking turkey” in preparation for Thanksgiving tomorrow, UNIEA is looking ahead to the day after — Black Friday — and a huge Black Friday/Cyber Monday sale at uniea.com that we think is going to top all of the other case companies out there.
The promo code for the 40% off sale is BLACK40, and the $5.95 flat rate shipping will be automatically applied to all orders.
Even though this promotion is geared toward U.S. Customers because of the Black Friday shopping event, it is open to customers worldwide.
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http://blogs.realtown.com/sopto/2013/06/13/with-regard-to-compatibility-algorithms/
The promo code for the 40% off sale is BLACK40, and the $5.95 flat rate shipping will be automatically applied to all orders.
Even though this promotion is geared toward U.S. Customers because of the Black Friday shopping event, it is open to customers worldwide.
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Mushkin Announces More Radioactive Series Memory Kits
Mushin just announced some new memory for the LGA1366 and LGA1156 platforms, it’s two new versions of their popular Radioactive line. Speaking of memory I’ve got another kit here for review the new Patriot Viper Extreme.Mushkin , the world's most elite computer component brand, announces the availability of yet more Radioactive memory kits tailored for gaming and enthusiast customers.These new Radioactive Series kits are specified at DDR3-1600 CL7 and engineered for Intel®'s LGA1366 and LGA1156 platforms."Our Radioactive Series has been very well received and we thought it only natural that we increase the number of kit choices offered to our customers. 2010 has been an incredible year for Mushkin. Our Callisto deluxe Series SSDs and Volta and Joule Power Supply Series have been great successes for us. We're poised to continue this growth trend well into 2011, and have great things to offer for the upcoming year. We have very good partners around the world and with their efforts, all of these things have been made possible."
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2013年6月6日星期四
Sopto Grows Globally with the Opening of European Office
Sopto Technologies is pleased to announce its continual growth with the opening of the new Sopto office in Poland (Sopto Europe). Sopto Europe has been established in order to provide for the growing European industrial networking market and to offer greater service to our valuable European customers. Sopto Europe will take over all business relations and provide local stock and technical support in the European region.
Having a branch office in the European sector will allow employees to better understand their customer’s needs in that region giving all three Sopto branches the insight it needs to develop better products to cater to the growing European market. Sopto Europe opened on February 1, 2012 and is now fully operational.
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Having a branch office in the European sector will allow employees to better understand their customer’s needs in that region giving all three Sopto branches the insight it needs to develop better products to cater to the growing European market. Sopto Europe opened on February 1, 2012 and is now fully operational.
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Sopto Honored With Wireless Award From Automation World
Sopto Technologies is pleased to announce that the readers of Automation World Magazine have voted Sopto as one of their “First Team” suppliers in the category of Wireless Networking Components in the 2011 Leadership in Automation program. Votes came from a combination of on-line participation with our Leadership in Automation profile section on Sopto.com and a year-long email poll with unaided recall.
Sopto takes great pride in developing well-designed products that meet the needs of industrial users. We thank everyone that voted for us throughout the year of 2011 and who continues to recognize Sopto as a leading supplier for outstanding wireless products.
Sopto takes great pride in developing well-designed products that meet the needs of industrial users. We thank everyone that voted for us throughout the year of 2011 and who continues to recognize Sopto as a leading supplier for outstanding wireless products.
Sopto Technologies Announces Dual Rate Media Converter
SoptoTechnologies is pleased to announce the addition of the FCU-3102SFP-SFP-DR dual rate media converter to our already robust commercial and industrial line of media converters. The FCU-3102SFP-SFP-DR 100/1000Base-X SFP to 100/1000Base-X SFP media converter is a flexible solution for multiple fiber integration applications. The FCU-3102SFP-SFP-DR can not only act as a media converter but also as a speed converter, changing speed easily by plugging in any 100Mbps or Gigabit SFP, allowing the user the ability for future upgrades without having to purchase a new device.The device supports 100Mbps and Gigabit speed, is fully compatible with our FCU-Rack16 series, supports link alarm, and boasts a 5 year warranty.
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2013年5月23日星期四
Outdoor and indoor breakout fiber optic cable
AFL introduces a new product line of rugged indoor/outdoor breakout fiber optic cable. Designed to support cable terminations and connector configurations that require more strength and durability, these new cables feature a reinforced core configuration anchored by a robust, water-blocked sub-cable construction and stranded design. Additional strength elements allow for a wide variety of termination schemes. Either via direct termination with wedge-type retention systems common in industrial connectors or via a fan-out configuration, AFL's Indoor/Outdoor Rugged Breakout Cable provides a highly flexible solution that can be tailored to the application.
The cable family is available ranging from two to 12 optical channels and is qualified to the UL 1666 Riser standard. MSHA-rated cable is also available.
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The cable family is available ranging from two to 12 optical channels and is qualified to the UL 1666 Riser standard. MSHA-rated cable is also available.
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What is fiberscope
A fiberscope is a flexible fiber optic bundle with an eyepiece at one end, and a lens at the other. It is used for inspection work, often to examine small components in tightly packed equipment, when the inspector cannot easily access the part requiring inspection.
The lens is often a wide-angle lens, and the eyepiece is occasionally instead connected to a camera. Some fiberscopes use an additional fiber to carry light from an external source to illuminate the material being inspected, for clearer viewing.
All fiberscopes introduce a certain amount of image distortion; much of this is similar to the distortion of modern night vision equipment.
Quartz fiberscopes can reach lengths of up to about 90 m (300 ft).
Fiberscopes are used in medicine, machining, computer repair, espionage, locksmithing, safecracking, and computer forensics, among many other uses.
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Optical power meter Power measuring range
A typical OPM measures accurately under most conditions from about 0 dBm (1 milli Watt) to about -50 dBm (10 nano Watt), although the display range may be larger. Above 0 dBm is considered "high power", and specially adapted units may measure up to nearly + 30 dBm ( 1 Watt). Below -50 dBm is "low power", and specially adapted units may measure as low as -110 dBm. Irrespective of power meter specifications, testing below about -50 dBm tends to be sensitive to stray ambient light leaking into fibers or connectors.
So when testing at "low power", some sort of test range / linearity verification (easily done with attenuators) is advisable. At low power levels, optical signal measurements tend to become noisy, so meters may become very slow due to use of a significant amount of signal averaging.
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2013年5月20日星期一
VI Systems demo 25 Gbps over plastic optical fiber
VI Systems GmbH says that researchers at The Georgia Institute of Technology have demonstrated 25-Gbps error-free data transmission over 100 m of 80 μm-diameter core plastic optical fiber (POF) using one of VI Systems’ V40-850C 850-nm vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs).
The coupling tolerances necessary to reach error-free transmission (defined as a bit error ratio <10-12) were as high as ~35 μm, according to VI Systems.
VI Systems says that plastic optical fibers are more typically used at data rates from 50 Mbps to 1 Gbps in automotive and home network applications using light near 650 nm. However, the company says that it will target the V40-850C VCSEL at proprietary optical links and active optical cables at 40 Gbps and 100 Gbps (likely using arrays), Fibre Channel at 14 Gbps and 28 Gbps, and Infiniband FDR (14 Gbps) and EDR (26 Gbps) applications.
The V40-850C VCSEL is available in a 250 x 250 μm single die size or as 1x4-channel or 1x12-channel chip array. Product samples are available now.
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Superior Essex introduces gel-free, loose tube fiber cable line
Superior Essex Inc., a wire and cable manufacturer, introduced its Dri-Lite all-dry, gel-free loose tube optical fiber cable product line. The new outside plant fiber cable design expands on the company’s existing Dri-Lite ribbon fiber cable product line.
These completely dry cables use space-saving 2.5-millimeter buffer tubes containing specially engineered, absorbent yarn that swell on contact with water and block water ingress. All-dry fiber cable designs are preferred by some customers because they are lower in weight than gel-filled cables and eliminate the need for gel removal in the installation process.
The Dri-Lite product line has been tested to and complies with Telcordia GR-20 and Rural Development Utilities Program (RDUP) specification 1753F-601 (PE-90) for fiber-optic cables. Superior Essex Dri-Lite products have been formally accepted by RDUP.
The Dri-Lite loose tube product line is available in fiber counts ranging from 12 to 288 in armored and all-dielectric cable configurations.
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Network booting
For general data storage on an already-booted computer, any type of generic network interface may be used to access iSCSI devices. However, a generic consumer-grade network interface is not able to boot a diskless computer from a remote iSCSI data source. Instead it is commonplace for a server to load its initial operating system from a TFTP server or local boot device, and then use iSCSI for data storage once booting from the local device has finished.
A separate DHCP server may be configured to assist interfaces equipped with network boot capability to be able to boot over iSCSI. In this case the network interface looks for a DHCP server offering a PXE or bootp boot image. This is used to kick off the iSCSI remote boot process, using the booting network interface's MAC address to direct the computer to the correct iSCSI boot target.
Specialized iSCSI interfaces are available with built-in BIOS functionality that allows the interface to be preassigned to an iSCSI target, and be able to boot from it without additional help from a boot server, thereby reducing the network configuration complexity.
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2013年5月16日星期四
Submarine Cable System Failure and Causes
Summary: What are susceptible to submarine cable fault? Cause of these failures are the reasons? Submarine cable failures easily, there are four: short-circuit fault, leakage faults, open circuit failure and fiber failure.
Tags: fiber optic submarine cable system failure repairAugust of this large-scale network failure, not only so that we know Morakot also learned submarine cable, the transmission equipment and a little strange that we are closely related. What are susceptible to submarine cable fault? Cause of these failures are the reasons?
Edited more than a collection of information, one by one to answer your questions.
First, the submarine cable failures easily, there are four: short circuit, leakage faults, open circuit failure and fiber failure.
Secondly, the reason for these failures, there are two, one is external influences, such as earthquakes, typhoons, fishing operations, the other one is the sea of equipment failure, the main bifurcation and repeaters and other devices fail. Relatively well-known history of failure are derived from external influences, and because this impact range, inevitably, after the repair work is subject to environmental conditions, speed of recovery is relatively slow, 06 at the end of earthquake rupture repair work on the submarine cable for more than a month's time.
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Jersey Telecom launches gigabit broadband
Jersey Telecom has equipped the Castle Quay development on the Isle of Jersey's St. Helier Waterfront with 1-Gbps services via fiber to the home (FTTH) on a trial basis. The FTTH trial is part of the Gigabit Isles initiative under the JT Group's five-year strategy.
The new 1-Gbps FTTH broadband service is 50X faster than the 20 Mbps services that Jersey Telecom has just launched. The 20-Mbps services will be available to more than 25% of Island households by the end of this year.
Launching our 1-Gbps fiber-optic broadband connection at Castle Quay is a real landmark both for the JT Group and for Jersey as a whole, says Graeme Millar, CEO of JT Group. It means the world's fastest broadband speed, with the possible exception only of Japan, is now available to residents of this development. Broadband is already changing the way we live our lives, and I think that change is only likely to become more significant in the future. Making gigabit speeds available to more and more customers is a key part of our strategy in order to allow the Island to fully benefit from all the internet has to offer.
Over the next 5 years, Jersey Telecom says it plans to replace its copper cable network with fiber, at a likely cost of around ￡40 million.
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Overhead requirements of laying fiber optic cable
1) overhead cable laying cable in the ground, the use of hooks hanging, mountain or steep slopes laying fiber optic cable,The laying of fiber optic cable using the banding method. Cable connector should be selected lever position is easy to maintain a straight line, reserved for cable useBracket to the pole on the reserve.
2) overhead cable at intervals of 3-5 bar road gear lever retractable requirements for U-turn, set aside about 15 per 1 kmMeters.
3) onto the overhead (walls) with a galvanized steel cable protected with a fire clay nozzle clogging.
4) overhead cable around every four lever and cross-road, crossing, cross suspension bridges should be special sections of fiber optic cableWarning signs.
5) air line and power line hanging cross should be added to protect the trigeminal protection tube, each end of the elongation of not less than 1Meters.
6) near the pole pull side of the road light bar should be set packet length of 2 meters.
7) To prevent the hanging line induced current assault, each at the poles and hanging wire electrical cable required to connect, the pullAlignment should be installed cable-ground, requiring the direct use of lining hanging loop line connecting the terminal directly to ground.
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2013年5月13日星期一
Tech and Biotech: 5Nines featured in Popular Science mag
Madison information technology company 5Nines and its vice president, Anton Kapela, are featured in an article in the April 2012 issue of Popular Science magazine.
The article debunks the idea that an Internet-in-a-suitcasekit of software and wireless routers could be smuggled into a country where there's repression and let rebels set up their own computer network without having to tap into government infrastructure. Instead, the article points to 5Nines' system as a more plausible alternative.
5Nines' 3,000-square-foot data center hosts websites and applications for area businesses. The company also offers Internet service, using rooftop devices the size of a home satellite dish combined with existing fiber-optic and other connections.
We can build a network without having to go to village boards to get zoning approvals,Kapela said, in an interview.
5Nines also designed and hosted – at no charge – the so-called recall webcam.The silent, live, high-definition video feed showed the Wisconsin Government Accountability Board as it reviewed more than 309,000 pages of recall petitions, from January 17 to March 22.
It was something that we pulled together on very short notice and they were extremely accommodating,GAB spokesman Reid Magney said.
The recall webcam drew 58,000 views just in the first three days, and attracted publicity around the U.S.
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FTTLA
FTTLA is the acronym of the English term Fiber To The Last Amplifier. The network cables being able to use several amplifiers, the FTTLA aims at replacing the coaxial cable to the last amplifier (towards the subscriber) by optical fibre. It acts as a new technology aiming at re-using the network cables existing in particular on the final part while installing of optical fibre more closer to the subscriber while using the coaxial cable of the networks cables for the last mile or last meters connected with the subscriber.
Fiber to the last amplifier (FttLA) node is an efficient tool to deploy fibre deeper into the CATV network architecture and add most desirable aspects of scalability (performance and reliability) which are necessary when new services (i.e. triple play, video on demand, gaming) are introduced.
FTTLA is a technology which assists hybrid fiber-coaxial CATV networks to provide to their customers more bandwidth. Using a replacement of all coaxial active equipments by nodes (optical receiver) with high power output (up to 117 dBuV). The coaxial is maintained from the node to the customer without any active equipment in between.
From the optical sender to the node, it uses fibre which is split by 4 or by 8 depending on the distance and on the output power of the optical sender (from 6 to 16 dBm).
Also, IM2, IM3 and C/N are modified for a better network and it also has other benefits such as power saving in the network, as the power consumption is lower than a normal HFC network (up to 40%).
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For Union Pacific, Life is Good
Union Pacific is one of the companies cited in Scott Thurm's survey of big U.S. companies, For Big Companies, Life is Good, that have not only recovered from the Great Recession, but have largely seen revenues and profits surpass those of 2007. In an exclusive interview, Union Pacific CIO Lynden Tennison told us the company is increasing its use of predictive analytics, which have already helped slash train derailments.
Tennison says he continues to focus on things that will impact core business problems.Those things include continuing to find ways to sell the company's intellectual property, created by IT, to other companies. Because the railroad needed to supplement existing communications infrastructure to ensure it could monitor the condition of its rail cars and tracks even in remote locales the company owns more than 1,700 radio towers and its own fiber optic network. I have a lot of dark fiber,says Tennison. He says the company earns between $10 and $20 million per year selling right of way access to that infrastructure.
He's also sold the railroad's proprietary crew management software to 6 of the 7 North American railroads, he said.
Now, the company is developing 3D games that simulate various tasks that maintenance crew have to perform for training purposes. We drive efficiency and safety through these simulators,Tennison said. He added the company will sell this technology to other companies as well.
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2013年5月5日星期日
Nonlinear Characteristics
Nonlinear characteristics include self-phase modulation (SPM), cross-phase modulation (XPM), four-wave mixing (FWM), stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS).
Self-Phase ModulationPhase modulation of an optical signal by itself is known as self-phase modulation (SPM). SPM is primarily due to the self-modulation of the pulses. Generally, SPM occurs in single-wavelength systems. At high bit rates, however, SPM tends to cancel dispersion. SPM increases with high signal power levels. In fiber plant design, a strong input signal helps overcome linear attenuation and dispersion losses. However, consideration must be given to receiver saturation and to nonlinear effects such as SPM, which occurs with high signal levels. SPM results in phase shift and a nonlinear pulse spread. As the pulses spread, they tend to overlap and are no longer distinguishable by the receiver. The acceptable norm in system design to counter the SPM effect is to take into account a power penalty that can be assumed equal to the negative effect posed by XPM. A 0.5-dB power margin is typically reserved to account for the effects of SPM at high bit rates and power levels.
Cross-Phase ModulationCross-phase modulation (XPM) is a nonlinear effect that limits system performance in wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) systems. XPM is the phase modulation of a signal caused by an adjacent signal within the same fiber. XPM is related to the combination (dispersion/effective area). CPM results from the different carrier frequencies of independent channels, including the associated phase shifts on one another. The induced phase shift is due to the walkover effect, whereby two pulses at different bit rates or with different group velocities walk across each other. As a result, the slower pulse sees the walkover and induces a phase shift. The total phase shift depends on the net power of all the channels and on the bit output of the channels. Maximum phase shift is produced when bits belonging to high-powered adjacent channels walk across each other.
XPM can be mitigated by carefully selecting unequal bit rates for adjacent WDM channels. XPM, in particular, is severe in long-haul WDM networks, and the acceptable norm in system design to counter this effect is to take into account a power penalty that can be assumed equal to the negative effect posed by XPM. A 0.5-dB power margin is typically reserved to account for the effects of XPM in WDM fiber systems.
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Opnext High Speed Technology Leadership Highlighted in OFC/NFOEC 2012
Opnext, Inc. (NASDAQ: OPXT) is a global leader in high speed optical technology, will be reinforcing its technology leadership through its participation in the Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (OFC/NFOEC) being held March 6th through the 8th in Los Angeles, CaliforniaOpnext OFC/NFOEC 2012 demonstrations include the following:
Hitachi Central Research Labs (CRL) will join the Opnext booth to demonstrate a 1310nm LISEL (Lens-integrated Surface-emitting DFB Laser) array operating at 25-40Gbps, which was developed under management of PETRA (Photonics Electronics Technology Research Association) supported by NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization). LISEL technology is predicted by Hitachi, Ltd. to be an alternative for VCSEL in the future development of 40Gbps and 100Gbps client side, ultra small transceiver technology for optical backplane and interconnects that support data center applications.Opnext will demonstrate its next-generation 100Gbps coherent flexible line cards in a display that includes the OTS-100MXP (10x 10Gbps Muxponder) and OTS-100TXP (1x 100Gbps Transponder) line cards. The 100Gbps coherent transponders from Opnext include soft decision FEC and are designed to provide 9.6Tbps capacity per fiber up to a distance of 2,000km between regeneration points.Expanding the Company's robust 40Gbps product family, Opnext will demonstrate its 40Gbps technology in a QSFP+ (quad small form factor pluggable plus) module showing multi-rate functionality. The QSFP+ 40GBASE-LR4 module uses 4x10Gbps CWDM integrated optics to transmit 40GbE traffic over a distance of 10km on single mode fiber to support data center and enterprise applications.Opnext's 10Gbps XFP tunable transceiver demonstration will show 80km transmission with full C-Band at 50GHz channel spacing. This demonstration will illustrate the ability to perform automatic wavelength tuning designed to maintain stable wavelength control while supporting a wavelength range of 1529nm to 1567nm.Opnext will provide the industry's first interoperability demonstration between a 1550nm wavelength CFP module and a 1310nm wavelength module at 40Gbps using the Opnext 40GBASE-FR.The demonstration will be supported by JDSU's ONT-40/100G test solutions, the industry's reference for 40/43G SDH/SONET/OTN and Ethernet testing.
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Mike Antonovich takes part in ScheduALL’s executive board
Broadcast industry veteran Mike Antonovich has taken part in the Executive Board at ScheduALL. ScheduALL is the leading global provider of Enterprise Resource Management (ERM) software for the media, broadcast and transmission industries. The addition of Antonovich builds on ScheduALL's continued investment in deep industry expertise across an industry in transition.
Antonovich, with more than 30 years of broadcast, satellite and fiber optic service experience has held broadcast operations positions at ESPN and Group W Satellite, global sales and marketing leadership positions at PanAmSat as well as CEO experience at The Space Connection (the satellite industry's leading space segment reseller) and at Genesis Networks (a global 70-city managed video service fiber network). Antonovich played an essential role in the businesses growth and eventual sale of Genesis to Global Crossing in 2011. He presently is Vice President of Sales and Marketing at Roberts Communications Network, a leading provider of managed satellite and terrestrial network solutions.
I am excited to join ScheduALL's Executive Board. I am very familiar with the unique capabilities the software provides and I have really seen the company mature over the past several years, Antonovich said. ScheduALL is uniquely addressing sizeable industry challenges in bold new ways. ScheduALL has evolved into a de facto industry standard, and I look forward to being a part of their many exceptional innovations yet to come.In his current role, Antonovich leads sales efforts into the broadcast and media marketplace for Roberts Communications Network which owns and operates more than 110 uplinks, leases more than 12 satellite transponders, operates more than 250 MPEG-4 encoders and manages a global MPLS network. It also is an industry leader in the provision of streaming media and digital signage services and has one of the industry's most advanced hybrid satellite and terrestrial networks.
Mike is a trusted friend and highly respected business leader across broadcast, satellite and telecommunications industries. We are honored to have him join our Executive Board, Says Joel Ledlow, CEO at ScheduALL. His passion and familiarity with where the industry is heading will help us examine new of areas where we can better serve our client community.
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2013年5月2日星期四
Positioned to grasp for broadband power line communication end edge
With the development of smart grid, "old" power line communication technology has fundamentally changed. However, broadband power line communication on the merits of the industry remains fierce battle. Advocates of this technology to identify the various questionable in itself. In this way can the smart grid construction in new development.
Technology to locate: grasp the "terminal benefits"
Power Line Communication technology has been developed in the West nearly half a century, and continues to technological innovation.
For the open online world, is to present a wide range of communications technology, words, different communication technologies have different orientation and field of application. If simply a new generation of broadband powerline communications and optical fiber communication technology than the former in the transmission rate and so naturally there is a gap. However, the power line as the most extensive network coverage, is a convenient, flexible, low cost way to communicate, to maximize the advantages of communication at the end.
In recent years, the Korean government pushing the development of power line communication, be regarded as the optimal way home interior wiring, widely used in security alarms, emergency relief and other fields. In the smart grid construction, power line communication and give full play to its overall communications systems in the application of benefits, such as communication and fiber composite applications, the formation of complementary strengths, to save costs, conserve resources to resolve the family, the end user's communication the problem.
Historical role: full participation in the construction of smart grid
From traditional voice calls, broadband access, to information collection is now widely used in electricity, power fiber to the home construction, power line communication technology at different times to play a different role in history, its applications are no longer limited to basic communication services, but with the smart grid development expand.
Broadband power line communication technology in the construction of fiber to the home with electricity end consumption play an important supporting role. The use of electric line appliances, equipment, connection and save repetition brings fiber directly home construction and a larger investment.
At the same time, there is no condition for laying the fiber the old district, power lines and can play its flexible and convenient features, to achieve an effective transfer of information.
In addition, the technology is still widely used in information collection power, good service in the power of marketing automation and intelligent. Electricity to the residents of the home through the information collection and analysis to help users find the home of "big power", to develop scientific habits of consumption.
Applications: from urban to rural areas
Power Line Communication in rural areas has broad application prospects. The use of rural coverage of nearly 100% of existing power lines, just be a simple transformation, the basis of communication resources without re-building, power lines needed for rural users of broadband Internet access, voice calls and other communications needs.
As early as 2004, FibrLINK company has already begun powerline communications services in rural areas, in Fuping County, Hebei village with a large channel units for long-distance power line communication between the villages of tests to achieve a remote mountain village and the outside call dreams, but also planted the seeds of the triple play, broadband power line communications in rural areas has accumulated experience in application. State Grid Corporation of rural power grids with the depth, power line communications in rural areas is bound to accomplish much.
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Sydney to Melbourne cable becomes 50 years old
Communications Minister Stephen Conroy has highlighted the fact that yesterday, April 9, marked the 50th anniversary of the landmark opening of the coaxial telecommunications cable between Sydney and Melbourne, delivering a new era in telecommunications in Australia. Conroy has additionally likened the project's vision to that of the National Broadband Network.
The cable was officially declared open when the then Prime Minister, Sir Robert Menzies, made an interstate direct dial call on April 9 in 1962. The coaxial cable enabled a caller to dial numbers at exchanges on the other end of the trunk lines, rather than needing an operator to make the connection. Though fibre-optic cable has largely replaced coaxial cables in Australia's backhaul network, including the Sydney-Melbourne link, coaxial cables are still used to connect some customers to the exchange.
Conroy paid tribute to the men and women who worked on the project 50 years ago to make this crucial link in Australia's telecommunications infrastructure a reality. A media release from the Senator's office observed that in 1957, when the telephone system was becoming overloaded, the Government recognised the need for new infrastructure. The options considered at the time included radio transmission, but in the end it was decided to install a six-tube coaxial cable taking into account future needs.
The coaxial cable infrastructure scored over other options because it supported the introduction of subscriber trunk dialling between cities and could transmit television signals as well. Senator Conroy stated: It really was revolutionary technology; it took five years to build and exemplified a time when both sides of politics had the vision to plan for the future when it came to building the infrastructure our nation needs.
Senator Conroy noted with regret that the far-sighted approach Sir Robert Menzies had adopted to build infrastructure for the next fifty years has presently been replaced by a Liberal National Party that wants, Conroy claimed, to say ‘no' not just to Labor's flagship National Broadband Network (NBN), but also to the prosperity and economic opportunities of the future that Labor claims will come with it. Senator Conroy said: It's time for the Opposition to recognise that cobbled together copper isn't going to meet the Australian economy's need for broadband over the next ten, twenty, thirty years, and embrace the NBN.
Looking back in time, the coaxial telecommunications cable supported the simultaneous live broadcast of the 5th Test of the 1962-63 Ashes series to Sydney, Canberra and Melbourne a major achievement in Australian television history. In 1965, the cable was also used for interstate live split-screen link-ups between Graham Kennedy's In Melbourne Tonight and Don Lane's Sydney Tonight.
Information on the use of the cable by ABC for television broadcast reveals that it was in 1967 that the first Australian TV soap, ‘Bellbird', was premiered by the company. The first colour news bulletin was read by Jim Dibble on March 1, 1975 on ABC. By 1985, the launch of Aussat enabled ABC programs to be broadcast to remote parts of Australia.
According to Telstra's telecommunications history timeline, following the invention of the telephone in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell, several long-distance transmission experiments were successfully conducted in Australia two years later in 1878, at distances of up to 400 km. By 1883, exchanges were set up in Adelaide and Hobart; the Perth exchange opened in 1887. In August 1964, again under Prime Minister Robert Menzies, Australia became part of the International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium (INTELSAT) which was established to develop a global system of commercial satellite links.
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2013年5月1日星期三
Be wary of officials bringing broadband
As Vermont works toward universal broadband, technical and political questions stand in the way of the promise of fast, reliable service to all corners of the state. On the technical level, the main issues are speed and which technology is deployed to deliver the service. The statutory minimum for broadband speed was outdated as soon as it was adopted. It is inadequate for most families and entrepreneurs. On the political level, the issue is that different state entities with different missions are working at cross-purposes to one another.
The Legislature and governor established the Department of Public Service to represent consumers’ interest in utility matters and the Public Service Board to adjudicate contested utility cases when called upon. It also created the Vermont Telecom Authority to promote the establishment of universal broadband and to channel capital resources to build the telecommunications infrastructure. Gov. Shumlin established Connect Vermont to serve as his administration’s broadband spokesperson and to be the marketing guru to pull it all together. Add to this bubbling cauldron out-of-state corporate Internet providers who are locked in competition with each other for dominant market share.
We might be forgiven for expecting that Shumlin administration appointees would be working in sync with each other to achieve the greatest possible broadband coverage at the least cost. We might be forgiven, too, for expecting that taxpayer dollars would be allocated as effectively as possible. Unfortunately, neither of these expectations are being fulfilled.
The biggest problem at present is the settlement of the FairPoint bankruptcy that was negotiated by the Department of Public Service and approved by the Public Service Board last February. Several years ago, FairPoint Communications bought Verizon’s landlines. Initially it provided deplorable customer service and was fined $6.6 million in Vermont.
The recent settlement allows FairPoint to drawn down the $6.6 million in order to expand its DSL customer base, effectively rewarding it for its prior bad performance. True, this DSL expansion is proposed to go into communities that are currently unserved by broadband and DSL is far superior to dial-up, but FairPoint’s Internet service is delivered over copper wire, much of which is old and deteriorating. Speed is limited by the quality of the copper, the distance to the subscriber from the switching hub and the age of the switches themselves.
Because of this, while promoting speeds up to some big number, bandwidth from FairPoint in the more rural communities is severely limited. And as bandwidth requirements for Internet apps increase, the more inadequate DSL will become. In truth, DSL from Fairpoint is soon to be obsolete.
To add insult to injury, what DPS and the PSB have done is to allow FairPoint to use its penalty money to cherry-pick where it wants to go. And as a further insult, the Vermont Telecom Authority is facilitating this travesty by effectively making many so-called target areas off limits to all but FairPoint. Connect Vermont is proclaiming that this is a great idea.
The result? FairPoint has deliberately proposed to push into the very same towns where ECFiber was intending to expand with far superior fiber-optic phone and Internet and at lower cost. ECFiber is a municipally owned and subscriber-funded corporation dedicated to providing fiber-optic Internet to the last mile in each of its member towns. Its proposal would cost $4,300 in public money per location vs. $7,550 per location for FairPoint. Quite a difference!
The DPS FairPoint settlement meets the narrow definitions of the bankruptcy docket, but fails to deliver genuine bandwidth and fails to make efficient and effective use either of taxpayer money or the $6.6 million that FairPoint was fined. ECFiber’s proposal should be allowed to go forward and FairPoint should instead build in other unserved communities where there is no other proposal on the table. It is unfortunate that if FairPoint does extend DSL to those communities that can be better served by higher quality broadband, homes and businesses there will be saddled with inadequate Internet for years to come.
Beyond that, this is no way to attract young families and entrepreneurs to put down roots in rural Vermont. Is there no one in a position of leadership willing to balance public need with better use of public money and clean up this mess? We should expect nothing less.
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2013年4月28日星期日
FCC wants 2-way radios to tighter bandwidth
And with more and more communications gear vying for a spot on this electromagnetic seashore, the FCC is requiring first responders to use a smaller radio frequency footprint, or bandwidth, beginning next year.
The effort is called narrowbanding, and it's nothing new. Police, fire and public works departments nationwide have known about the Jan. 1, 2013, deadline since the late 1990s.
But FCC officials and the companies that install and maintain two-way radios say they are expecting difficult days come autumn as the deadline approaches and municipalities scramble to meet it. Private businesses, such as school bus and ambulance companies use the same affected frequencies and are also are under the gun to meet the deadline.
This isn't something that just fell out of the sun, said Mark Crosby, president of Enterprise Wireless Alliance, a major national consultant in the wireless communication industry, noting that it's been known about since the late 1990s.
About 40 percent of the people have it done, and another 40 percent are in the process of getting it done, said Crosby, who has dozens of clients in Connecticut. So that leaves 20 percent.
Experts say that in just about every case, municipalities won't have to replace their telecommunications equipment outright, but rather have it reprogrammed to the new 12.5 kilohertz standard. This is because all two-way radio gear manufactured since Feb. 14, 1997, was built so it could be easily reprogrammed to the new standard. Gear made before then probably needs to be replaced anyway, they say.
At some point in the future, the FCC plans to switch two-way radios to an even narrower bandwidth, 6.25 kHz. But this is at least a decade or more away, the FCC says.
Narrowbanding does involve an expense for municipalities, which typically have scores of hand-held and mobile radios, in addition to three or more base units -- police, fire and public works. For the most part, it's an unfunded federal mandate, although Bridgeport had its new system paid for under a U.S. Justice Department Community Oriented Policing Services grant.
It harder for a lot of these small fire departments to get the funding to do this, Crosby said.
Many area emergency responder departments used this as an opportunity to update their communications systems. Monroe, for example, which has 25 police car radios, 45 handheld units and two base stations for its police department alone, undertook a $2 million upgrade of its police, fire, Emergency Medical Service, public works and school district radio systems between 2004 and 2009.
Fairfield is typical of a number of towns in Connecticut in that its Police Department has completed its narrowbanding effort, but work remains on the Fire and Public Works department radios, a spokesman there said.
Reprogramming a typical portable or mobile radio runs about $25, and usually has to be done by technicians in the field.
Once we're plugged into the radio, the process only takes two or three minutes, but the coordination to get everybody together can be very difficult, said Julie Reibold, president and CEO of Northeastern Communications And if there's a major emergency going on, well, logistically, it's a challenge.
Northeastern has service contracts with about one-third of the police, fire and public works departments in Connecticut, Reibold said.
I would say that October, November and December are going to be insane, she said. It's something that nobody wants to deal with, but if they don't do it, they won't be able to buy replacement radios.
Industry insiders say that if municipalities wait too long to get into compliance, there might not be enough technicians to go around come autumn.
There's only so many people out there with the training and experience to do this kind of work, Crosby warned.
To add to the workload, some communities are using this opportunity to upgrade to a digital communications system, although a traditional analog signal will still work fine on the narrower bandwidth, experts say.
So what will happen on Jan. 1? Two-way radio operators on the old bandwidth will still be able to operate, albeit illegally.
FCC lawyer Roberto Mussenden said enforcement will take place when violators begin interfering with other radio operators who are newly licensed to operate on the adjacent channels. In a congested place like Connecticut, those new channels will be licensed rather quickly, he said. It'll be a complaint-driven process. If we get an interference complaint, and we find that the town hasn't switched over to 12.5 yet, we'll have to look immediately at what steps we'll need to take, and what the town needs to do to take to get it into compliance.
Mussenden said he's urging communities not to wait after Jan. 1 to narrowband.
You might be able to get away with it for a time, but you can also go to Mohegan Sun and throw the dice, he said.
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FCC announces goes to re-examine regulatory fees
The Federal Communications Commission announced plans to re-examine its regulatory fee structure, citing the rapid transformation the telecommunication industry has undergone since 1994, when the FCC first began collecting assessments.
Mandated by Congress, the FCC's regulatory fees are collected to offset the agency's costs associated with industry enforcement, policy writing, rulemaking, among other administrative functions.
In a May 4 Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (FCC 12-48), the five-member independent regulatory agency announced it will address a bevy of issues related to regulatory fees in separate proceedings.
The 68-page NPRM indicates the FCC will undertake changes to its assessment processes in two phases. Phase I will consider allocation percentages of core bureaus involved in regulatory fee activity and how the shares are derived. Phase II will address other outstanding substantive and procedural issues, according to the rulemaking notice.
Given the breadth and complexity of the issues involved, the issuance of two separate Notices of Proposed Rulemakings will permit more orderly and consistent analysis of the issues and facilitate their timely resolution, the NPRM reads. We will issue a report and order finalizing our decision on all the issues raised in the Reform Proceedings, including new cost allocations and revised regulatory fees in sufficient time to allow for their implementation in FY 2013.
For fiscal year 2012, FCC has proposed collecting roughly $339.8 million in regulatory fees, during a September filing window.
For the calculation of FY 2012 fees, the FCC seeks, among other proposals, to maintain the Interstate Telecommunications Service Provider (ITSP) fee rate at the FY 2011 level of $0.00375 per revenue dollar.
This fee reflects the Commission's decision to limit the increase in ITSP regulatory fees given the continuing decrease in the revenue base upon which ITSP regulatory fees are calculated, the notice reads, noting that last year, the commission announced it would rebalance ITSP regulatory fees in the context of more fundamental regulatory fee reform that the commission will address in future rulemaking.
The commission, in its May 4 notice, also said it is seeking general comment on improving its payment collection procedures and processes, and requiring wider use of its online filing system.
In FY 2012, the commission will continue to promote greater use of technology (and less use of paper) in improving our regulatory fee notification and collection process, the notice reads.
Comments to MB Docket 12-116 are due to the FCC by May 31, and reply comments by June 7, 2012.
Regulatory fee payments for wireline (common carrier) services, including audio-bridging services, must be made for FCC authorizations granted on or before Oct. 1, 2011.
The commission said it determined unit fees by allocating the total amount of regulatory fees outlined in the FCC's Annual Appropriations Act across the agency's fee categories and then dividing the allocated amounts by the number of estimated payment units in each fee category.
In its NPRM, the commission said it estimated the number of payment units using licensee databases, industry and trade-group projections, as well as prior-year payment information.
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Faster fibre broadband turn ons in Singapore as Opennet ups quota
Users in Singapore who have been asking when they can sign up for fibre broadband services may be happy to hear that more homes will soon be connected or turned on for the speedy Internet services each month.
From next month, as many as 3,100 customers will be connected each month by Opennet, the contractor rolling out the fibre optic network throughout the island. Previously, it had only been obligated to connect 2,050, in its contract with the government, which funds part of the setup.
The quota was not enough, because service providers such as SingTel, StarHub and M1 were signing up more than 5,000 users at quarterly IT bazaars with attractive deals. This meant many users waited for weeks to get hooked up even though the fibre optic cable had been installed in their homes and offices.
Facing these unhappy users, the Infocomm Development Authority (IDA) had pushed for changes in its contract with Opennet in February, a year and a half earlier than a review was due.
Though it stopped short of stating how many customers should be connected, it specifically said that Opennet should not be charging extra for the additional rollouts each month, because it is paid by service providers for each rollout.
On Tuesday, the IDA stood by that, after hearing comments from Opennet and some disgruntled service providers, who rely on Opennet's cables to sell fibre broadband services.
One of them had pushed for as many as 5,000 connections a month. The IDA disagreed, pointing out that 5,000 was peak demand and thus not reflective of everyday requirements (read IDA's decision here).
The government regulator seems to have agreed with Opennet that 3,100 was the reasonable quota. The increase will likely help shorten the time to turn on homes and offices which already have the cable installed but are waiting for it to be literally lit up.
The IDA, however, has not included any possible penalties should Opennet be found responsible for poor connections or failed connections which could cause delays for users or result in additional on-site support for service providers.
Of late, Opennet has been the subject of some complaints from the public, including a case where it said a connection was down because its cables were bitten by rodents.
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2013年4月27日星期六
CONNECTORS / TERMINATIONS WITH FIBER GLOSSARY (6)
Loss: Attenuation of optical signal, normally measured in decibels. The amount of a signal’s power, expressed in dB, that is lost in connectors, splices, or fiber defects.
Modal Dispersion: Dispersion arising from the differences in the times the different modes take to travel through multimode fiber.
Mode: An Electromagnetic field distribution that satisfied theoretical requirements for propagation in a waveguide or oscillation in a cavity (e.g., a laser). Light has modes in a fiber or laser. A single electromagnetic wave traveling in a fiber.
Multimode (Multi Mode): Transmits or emits multiple modes of light. An optical waveguide with a much larger core (50mm+) than the singlemode waveguide core (2mm to 9mm) and which permits approximately 1,000 modes to propagate through the core compared to only one mode through a singlemode fiber.
Multimode Dispersion: Dispersion resulting from the different transit lengths of different propagating modes in a multimode optical fiber. Also called modal dispersion.
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CONNECTORS / TERMINATIONS WITH FIBER GLOSSARY (5)
Jumper Cable: A short fiber cable with connectors on both ends used for interconnecting other cables or for testing.
Kevlar(registered trademark): A very strong, very light, synthetic compound developed by DuPont which is used to strengthen optical cables.
Light ARMOR Cable: A cable assembly with ruggedized plastic jacketing providing fiber protection for semi-harsh environment, commercial, or industrial applications.
Loose Tube: A protective tube loosely surrounding a cabled fiber, often filled with gel. A type of fiber optic cable construction where the fiber is contained within a loose tube in the cable jacket.
Loose Tube vs. Tight Buffered: Fiber optic cables are constructed in two ways: loose tube and tight buffered. Both contain a type of strengthening member, such as aramid yarn, stainless steel wire strands or gel-filled sleeves. Each, however, is designed for very different environments.
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CONNECTORS / TERMINATIONS WITH FIBER GLOSSARY (4)
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI): Noise generated when stray electromagnetic fields induce currents in electrical conductors (fiber is immune to EMI).
Fiber Optic Cable: A cable containing one or more optical fibers.
Fiber Optic Ribbon: A coherent optical fiber bundle in which the configuration is flat rather than round giving an output in a line.
Graded-Index Fiber: A fiber in which the refractive index changes gradually with distance from the fiber axis, rather than abruptly at the core-cladding interface.
Jacket: The outer, protective covering of the cable. Also called the cable sheath.
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2013年4月26日星期五
CABLE DESIGN
There are 2 basic cable designs in fiber optics, loose-tube cable and tight-buffered cable. The loose-tube cable is used in most of the outside plant installations with the tight-buffered cable being primarily used inside buildings.
The loose-tube cable will usually have up to 12 fibers per buffer tube with a maximum per cable fiber count of more than 200 fibers. These are modular in design and can be all-dielectric (insulated) or have the option of being armored.
LOOSE TUBE CABLE In the loose-tube cable design, color-coded plastic buffer tubes house and protect optical fibers. A gel filling compound impedes water penetration. Excess fiber length (relative to buffer tube length) insulates fibers from stresses of installation and environmental loading. Buffer tubes are stranded around a dielectric or steel central member, which serves as an anti-buckling element.
The cable core typically uses aramid yarn as the primary tensile strength member. The outer polyethylene jacket is extruded over the core. If armoring is required, a corrugated steel tape is formed around a single jacketed cable with an additional jacket extruded over the armor.
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Cable connection
Methods include permanent connections, emergency connection, active connection.1 permanent optical connection (also known as hot-melt):This connection with the discharge method is to root the melting point fiber optic connection and connect together. Generally used in long-distance follow, permanent or semi-permanent fixed connection. Its main feature is to connect all of the connection method of attenuation in the lowest, typically 0.01 ~ 0.03dB / point. But the connection, you need special equipment (welding machines), and professionals to operate, and the connection points also need special containers to protect them.(2) emergency connections (also known as) cold fusion:Emergency connection is mainly used mechanical and chemical methods, will be fixed and bonding together two optical fibers. The main features of this method is fast and reliable connection, connect a typical attenuation of 0.1 ~ 0.3dB / point. However, long-term use connection points will be unstable, decay will be greatly increased, so only a short time emergency use.3 Active Links:Active connections is to use a variety of fiber optic connection devices (plug and socket), a site with the site or cable to connect up with a way. This approach flexible, simple, convenient, reliable, and is used in building the computer network cabling. The typical attenuation of 1dB / connector
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C Form-factor Pluggable
The C form-factor pluggable (CFP) is a multi-source agreement to produce a common form-factor for the transmission high-speed digital signals. The c stands for the Latin letter C used to express the number 100 (centum), as the standard was primarily developed for 100Gb Ethernet systems.
CFP standardization.The CFP transceiver is specified by a multi-source agreement (MSA) between competing manufacturers. The CFP was designed after the SFP interface, but is significantly larger to support 100Gb using 10 lanes in each direction (RX, TX) with 10Gb/s each.
In March 2009, Santur demonstrated a 100 Gigabit pluggable CFP Transceiver prototype, Santur 100G CFP Transceiver.
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2013年4月23日星期二
SFP Type
sfp transceivers have a variety of different transmission and
receiving type, the user can select the appropriate transceiver for each link,
to provide the optical performance can be achieved based
on the available fiber type (such as a multimode fiber or single mode fiber). Optical SFP modules available are generally divided into the following categories:
10 km distance of the wavelength of 850 nm / 550 meters distance MMF (SX)
1310 nm wavelength SMF (LX)
1550 nm wavelength / 40 km distance XD
80 miles from ZX
120 km distance from the EX or EZX
DWDM
SFP transceiver also have copper interface, making the host device designed primarily for fiber optic communication can communicate through the UTP network cable. There are also WDM (CWDM) and single fiber bi-directional “(1310/1490 nm wavelength uplink / downlink), SFP. Commercial SFP transceivers can provide a rate of 4.25 G bps. Several packages of 10 Gbps transceivers are XFP, SFP+, the updated version of SFP.
on the available fiber type (such as a multimode fiber or single mode fiber). Optical SFP modules available are generally divided into the following categories:
10 km distance of the wavelength of 850 nm / 550 meters distance MMF (SX)
1310 nm wavelength SMF (LX)
1550 nm wavelength / 40 km distance XD
80 miles from ZX
120 km distance from the EX or EZX
DWDM
SFP transceiver also have copper interface, making the host device designed primarily for fiber optic communication can communicate through the UTP network cable. There are also WDM (CWDM) and single fiber bi-directional “(1310/1490 nm wavelength uplink / downlink), SFP. Commercial SFP transceivers can provide a rate of 4.25 G bps. Several packages of 10 Gbps transceivers are XFP, SFP+, the updated version of SFP.
SFP Standard
sfp transceiver is regulated by a competition the Multilateral
Agreement (MSA) between the manufacturers. The SFP is
designed according to GBIC
interface, allowing ratio the GBIC greater port
density (the motherboard edge of the number of transceivers per inch), the SFP is also known as “mini-GBICs”. Compared with this small package transceivers (SFF transceiver), which is smaller than
the SFP, but the SFF is soldered to the motherboard as a pin through-hole device, but not plugged into the edge.
density (the motherboard edge of the number of transceivers per inch), the SFP is also known as “mini-GBICs”. Compared with this small package transceivers (SFF transceiver), which is smaller than
the SFP, but the SFF is soldered to the motherboard as a pin through-hole device, but not plugged into the edge.
Small Form-factor Pluggable Transceiver
Small Form Factor Pluggable SFP fiber optic transceivers on the market, a common type in the full name. The transceiver can be treated simply as an upgraded version of the GBIC Module. SFP GBIC module half the size of the port number configured on the same panel is twofold. Because of the small form-factor pluggable transceiver is the same function with GBIC, SFP transceiver is also known as mini-GBIC.
By CDR and electronic dispersion compensation module, SFP transceiver module size and power consumption is greatly compressed.
Google is buying its own Gigabit Ethernet switch, in order to meet the needs of the data center database system design and production of a large number of SFP + modules.
2013年4月22日星期一
Why Thunderbolt Interface Has Not Yet Universal
Thunderbolt interface since early 2011 has been nearly two years, the terro of 10Gb/s transmission speed (fiber optic Thunderbolt even up to 100Gb/s) and no one can, but also to achieve the power supply as well as convenient device extension can be described as broad prospects, has been applied on a series of Apple Mac computers. Compared to PC, Mac after all, belong to a small minority, and so long gone, but on the absolute number of advantages PC the rare Thunderbolt interface figure, the average consumer is almost nobody used. Why is this?
The problem lies in the development of this technology Intel (Thunderbolt technology for Intel and Apple to develop). Intel Thunderbolt technology marketing and planning Jason Ziller, director revealed that Intel will be and who they think has the ability to provide the best products and manufacturers to meet stringent certification requirements for close cooperation. From which it is not hard to understand why the market is difficult to see the Thunderbolt notebook interface.
Thunderbolt interface represents the future trend of the transmission, but there are many obvious drawbakcs, the high cost of the mainstream market is difficult to accept, the cost of the control chip will soon become mainstream USB 3.0 several times higher. In addition, the Windows system drive, perfoemance, compatibility, hot-swappable performance there is a lot of instability. Thunderbolt interface does not PC manufacturers are required the motherboard supports Thunderbolt interface on the market.
Jason Ziller also said that this year will be to expand the scope of the technology licensing vendors. There are some indications that lightning interface situation seems to change, Apple quietly released a half meter short cable, the price is $ 10 less than 2011 m transmission line, Corning this year's CES show a new cable, you can transfer data at a distance of several hundred feet.
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Which Transceiver Called Small GBIC
Many people do not know SFP and sfp+ difference, so sometimes unnecessary trouble. The 10G module has experienced from the 300Pin, XENPAK, X2, XFP development, finally achieve the same size and SFP transmission of 10G signal, this is SFP+. SFP+ optical transceiver is the SFP (sometimes called mini-GBIC ) upgrade. In a Gigabit Ethernet and 1G, 2G, 4G fiber channel on SFP has been widely applied. SFP+ in order to adapt to the higher data rate, design than SFP enhanced electromagnetic shielding and signal protection characteristics, and to develop new electrical interface specification.
The SFP package – Hot Swap small package module, the highest rate of up to 10G, using LC interface. SFP ( Small Form Pluggable ), can be simply understood as the upgrade version of GBIC. SFP module volume ratio of GBIC module can be reduced by half, in the same panel configuration of many more than doubled the number of ports. The sfp module to other basic functions and GBIC agreement. Some switches manufacturer called SFP module for small GBIC ( MINI-GBIC ). SFP Module It is a popular industry format jointly developed and supported by many network component vendors.SFP Module are designed to support SONET, Gigabit Ethernet, Fibre Channel, and other communications standards. Due to its smaller size, SFP obsoletes the formerly ubiquitous gigabit interface converter (GBIC); the SFP is sometimes referred to as a Mini-GBIC although no device with this name has ever been defined in the MSAs.
The enhanced small form-factor pluggable (SFP+) is an enhanced version of the SFP that supports data rates up to 10 Gbit/s. SFP+ (Small Form-Factor Pluggable Plus) is an innovative, next-generation optical transceiver. Initially, it is targeted to support speeds of 10 Gbps for next-generation Gigabit Ethernet applications. It is smaller than any of the currently shipping form factors and provides the highest density per line card.
SFP+ Transceiver is interchangeable with SFP transceiver and can be used in the same cages as SFP transceiver. For 10G applications, SFP+ Transceiver has a smaller footprint and lower power consumption than XFP transceiver, and it is low power consumption. The electrical interface to the host board for SFP transceiver and SFP+ transceiver is the same serial.
Sopto manufactures complete range of compatible SFP+ transceivers, such us SFP+ MM 300m, SFP+ 10km, SFP+ 40km, SFP+ 80km, CWDM SFP+, DWDM SFP+, BiDi SFP+, and compatible cisco sfp+(including the sfp-10g-sr cisco, SFP-10G-LR(LRM), SFP-10G-ER, SFP-10G-ZR.), hp sfp+, juniper sfp+ and so on .
The difference between SFP and SFP+:
1,SFP and SFP+ appearance of the same size; 2,the SFP protocol specification: IEEE802.3, SFF-8472;
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10gmodule Labs pre-qualifies field testers for use in certification of our warranty programs to validate operational functionality of the warranted cabling systems installed by 10gmodule Certified Installers.
Recent additions to the list of qualified field testers include the Psiber Data WireExpert and JDSU Certifier 40G. Both field testers can be used for 10gmodule's complete copper warranty offering, from our Category 5e to our Category 7A solutions. The testers are the first ones capable of certification across the entire Category 7A frequency range up to 1000MHz.
The complete listing of approved testers is available on the Siemon website and includes testers by Fluke Networks, Agilent, Ideal, Psiber and JDSU.
Please view the complete listing to learn which testers are used with which systems and the proper settings and adapters to use for testing.
Related:
2013年4月18日星期四
The Specifications And Applications Of Cisco GLC-ZX-SM In 10gmodule
Cisco SFP(small form-factor pluggable) transceiver is widely used with their routers and switches. Cisco SFP is an
upgraded version fiber optic transceiver from the traditional one, which is smaller and more flexibility.Cisco SFP
Modules available are generally divided into the following categories: / 10 km distance of the wavelength of 850 nm /
550 meters distance MMF (SX), 1310 nm wavelength SMF (LX), 1550 nm wavelength / 40 km distance XD, 80 miles from ZX
120 km distance from the EX or EZX, and DWDM.
I focus on today recommended a product of Cisco GLC-ZX-SM from 10gmodule.10gmodule is an professional manufacturer
& supplier of transceivers.We provide a lot of Cisco GLC-ZX-SM.All of our transceivers are tested in-house prior
to shipping to guarantee that they will arrive in perfect physical and working condition. We guarantee transceivers to
work in your system and all of our transceivers come with a lifetime advance replacement warranty.Now,we begin to
understand some info about Cisco GLC-ZX-SM.
Cisco GLC-ZX-SM:
Cisco GLC-ZX-SM SFP transceiver is compliant to 1000Base-ZX standard for Gigabit Ethernet. It works with 1550nm single
mode fiber for extended working distance from 70km to 100km, with duplex LC interface and data transfer rate at 1Gbps.
The GLC-ZX-SM is carrier-class quality and can be fully trusted for your most demanding LAN/WAN applications, voice
projects, or network deployments.
Cisco GLC ZX SM SFP is used for 1000Base-ZX application, it works with single mode optical fiber at 1550nm working
wavelength. Cisco GLC ZX SM could reach a max 120 km working distance over single mode fiber. This mini GBIC is
carrier-class quality and can be fully trusted for your most demanding LAN/WAN applications, voice projects, or
network deployments. 10gmodule provide two kind of GLC ZX SM with 120 Km and 70Km transmission distance, Cisco
1000Base-ZX 120KM SFP and Cisco 1000Base-ZX 70KM SFP. GLC ZX SM dimension is 0.5 in x 2.2 in x 0.4 in, it works based
on IEEE 802.3z and data transfer rate is 1Gbps.
The GLC-ZX-SM transceiver consists of three sections: a DFB laser transmitter, a PIN photodiode integrated with a
trans-impedance preamplifier (TIA) and MCU control unit. All modules satisfy class I laser safety requirements. The
GLC-ZX-SM transceivers are compatible with SFP Multi-Source Agreement (MSA) and SFF-8472. It fully complies with the
multi-sourcing agreement (MSA) which enables it to work in all MSA compliant platforms.
Specifications:
Product Number: GLC-ZX-SMProduct Name: Cisco 1000BASE-ZX SFPForm Factor: Plug-in moduleDevice Type: Transceiver
moduleProduct Type: SFPData Rate: 1.25GbpsWavelength: 1550nmDatarange: 70kmConnector Type: LC DuplexCable Type:
Single-Mode Fiber (SMF)Standard Operation Temperature: 0~70 °CCompatiblity: 100% Cisco CompatibleApplications:
Gigabit EthernetFiber ChannelSwitch to Switch interfaceSwitched backplane applicationsRouter/Server interfaceOther
optical transmission systems
Related；
The Relationship Of The SFP (Mini GBIC), SFP +, and GBIC
Optical transceivers are utilized to update the communications networks to manage broadband, to update the info center networks to be manage traffic with higher speeds, to implement the backbone network for mobile communications. The amount of fiber optic transceivers in optical fiber communication, like the Fiberstore supplier,the optical transceivers including SFP+ (SFP Plus) transceiver, X2 transceiver, XENPAK transceiver, XFP transceiver, SFP (Mini GBIC) transceiver and GBIC transceiver, CWDM/DWDM transceiver, PON transceiver.
For a variety of fiber optic transceivers, you probably know how much it. Now,I will introduct one common type of fiber optic transceivers. And it's relationship with optical transceivers.
Common types:SFP transceiver,the tiny form-factor pluggable is a compact optical transceiver module found in optical communications for telecommunication and knowledge communications applications. Hot Swap small package module, the best rate up to 10G, using LC interface. SFP Module It's a popular industry format jointly developed and supported by many network component vendors.SFP Module are designed to support SONET, Gigabit Ethernet, Fibre Channel, along with other communications standards.
By the way,understanding sfp transceiver enhanced version.The improved small form-factor pluggable (SFP+) is surely an enhanced sort of the SFP that supports data rates approximately 10 Gbit/s. SFP+ (Small Form-Factor Pluggable Plus) is an innovative, next-generation optical transceiver. Initially, it really is geared to support speeds of 10 Gbps for next-generation Gigabit Ethernet applications. It's smaller than any of the currently shipping form factors and offers the greatest density per line card.When compared with earlier XENPAK or XFP modules, SFP+ modules leave more circuitry to become implemented on the host board instead of within the module.
SFP ( Small Form Pluggable ), can easily be understood because the upgrade version of GBIC. SFP module volume ratio of GBIC module can be reduced by half, inside the same panel configuration of several greater than doubled the amount of ports. The sfp module along with other basic functions and GBIC agreement. Some switches manufacturer called SFP module for small GBIC ( MINI-GBIC ).Now,let us to be aware what is gbic module.
GBIC transceiver commonly used with Gigabit Ethernet and fibre channel. By providing a regular, hot swappable electrical interface, one gigabit ethernet port can hold an array of physical media, from copper to long-wave single-mode optical fiber, at lengths of countless kilometers.
A gigabit interface converter (GBIC) module comes in various forms depending on the model and brand manufacturer. GBIC behaves as a transceiver that turns electric currents into optical signals, before changing those optical signals into digital electric currents. The procedure was created to simplify switch and hub design. Each GBIC module is in location for making system administration of electro-optical communication networks easier. These modules plug directly into a system. These folks were first made to support Fibre Channel data networks but are also used in combination with Gigabit Ethernet setups. This gadget made it possible for users to prevent buying fully populated switching equipment.
Now,many different types of products are networked and drive significant visitors to the broadband network, stimulating the need for optical transceivers.The fiber-optic transceiver a growing number of people's attention.
Related:
http://fibernode.fotopages.com/?entry=7090803
The Passive Optical Network Of Fiber Optic Splitter
Passive Optical Network (PON) optical splitter plays an important role in Fiber
to the network by allowing a single PON network interface to be shared among
many subscribers. A PON network may be designed with a single optical splitter,
or it can have two or more splitters cascaded together. They are the network
elements that put the passive in Passive Optical Network and are available in a
variety of split ratios, including 1:8, 1:16, and 1:32. These communication
networks have enhanced capabilities that can be relied upon to handle
high-bandwidth multimedia applications and also prepare the network for growth
in the future.
Optical splitters Features
Optical splitters contain no electronics and use no power. An optical splitter is used to divide a single optical fiber into separate strands, for the purpose of routing optical signals to multiple near end or remote locations. The Optical Splitter supports over 7,000 IP voice, data and video network connections to one Ethernet device. Optical Splitters are offered in three different versions; as a cable, as a tabletop enclosure, and as a rack-mountable unit, all of which have superior design and are built from high quality components. The splitter can be deployed in the
Central Office (CO) alongside the OLT, or it may be deployed in an OutSide Plant (OSP) cabinet closer to the subscribers. A splitter can also be deployed in the basement of a building for a Multiple Dwelling Unit (MDU) installation (not shown).
Categories
Optical Splitters are available in configurations from 1×2 to 1×64. There are two basic technologies for building passive optical network splitters: FBT Splitter/Coupler (Fused Biconical Taper) and PLC Splitter (Planar Lightwave Circuit). FBT Coupler is the older technology and generally introduces more loss than the newer PLC splitters, though both PLC splitter and FBT splitters are used in PON networks. FBT attenuation tends to be a bit higher than attenuation from PLC splitters.
FBT Splitter makes two (two or more) fibers removed the coating layer gather in a certain way, stretched to both sides under the heating zone at the same time, form a double cone’s special waveguide structure finally for getting a different splitting ratio via controlling length of the fiber torsion angle and stretch. A FBT splitter is made by wrapping two fiber cores together, putting tension on the optical fibers, and then heating the junction until the two fibers are tapered from the tension and fused together.
PLC Splitter is a micro-optical element using photolithographic techniques to form optical waveguide at medium or semiconductor substrate for realizing branch distribution function. PLC Splitters are installed in each optical network between the PON Optical Line Terminal (OLT) and the Optical Network Terminals (ONTs) that the OLT serves.
Optical splitters are widely used in Networks implementing BPON, GPON, EPON, 10G EPON, and 10G GPON technologies currently.
Related:
http://zerolangfiber.blogspot.com/2013/04/the-dymo-rhino-labeler-giveaway.html
Optical splitters Features
Optical splitters contain no electronics and use no power. An optical splitter is used to divide a single optical fiber into separate strands, for the purpose of routing optical signals to multiple near end or remote locations. The Optical Splitter supports over 7,000 IP voice, data and video network connections to one Ethernet device. Optical Splitters are offered in three different versions; as a cable, as a tabletop enclosure, and as a rack-mountable unit, all of which have superior design and are built from high quality components. The splitter can be deployed in the
Central Office (CO) alongside the OLT, or it may be deployed in an OutSide Plant (OSP) cabinet closer to the subscribers. A splitter can also be deployed in the basement of a building for a Multiple Dwelling Unit (MDU) installation (not shown).
Categories
Optical Splitters are available in configurations from 1×2 to 1×64. There are two basic technologies for building passive optical network splitters: FBT Splitter/Coupler (Fused Biconical Taper) and PLC Splitter (Planar Lightwave Circuit). FBT Coupler is the older technology and generally introduces more loss than the newer PLC splitters, though both PLC splitter and FBT splitters are used in PON networks. FBT attenuation tends to be a bit higher than attenuation from PLC splitters.
FBT Splitter makes two (two or more) fibers removed the coating layer gather in a certain way, stretched to both sides under the heating zone at the same time, form a double cone’s special waveguide structure finally for getting a different splitting ratio via controlling length of the fiber torsion angle and stretch. A FBT splitter is made by wrapping two fiber cores together, putting tension on the optical fibers, and then heating the junction until the two fibers are tapered from the tension and fused together.
PLC Splitter is a micro-optical element using photolithographic techniques to form optical waveguide at medium or semiconductor substrate for realizing branch distribution function. PLC Splitters are installed in each optical network between the PON Optical Line Terminal (OLT) and the Optical Network Terminals (ONTs) that the OLT serves.
Optical splitters are widely used in Networks implementing BPON, GPON, EPON, 10G EPON, and 10G GPON technologies currently.
Related:
http://zerolangfiber.blogspot.com/2013/04/the-dymo-rhino-labeler-giveaway.html
2013年4月17日星期三
Hot Sale Cisco 10G SFP+ Modules At 10gmodule
SFP+ is the enhanced version of the SFP (small form-factor pluggable), which supports data rates of up to 10Gbit/s
Fiber Channel and Ethernet applications. It leaves more circuitry to be implemented on the host board instead of
inside the module compared with the earlier XENPAK or XFP modules. Nowadays, 10 Gigabit Ethernet is becoming the
interconnect of choice in data centers of all sizes providing key improvements in terms of bandwidth, latency,
scalability, reliability and application performance.
10G SFP+ module is multi-purpose optical transceiver for 10Gbit/s data transmission applications at 850nm, 1310nm and
1550nm. The transceivers are ideally suited for datacom and storage area network (SAN/NAS) applications based on the
IEEE 802.3ae and Fibre Channel standards, Fiber Channel 10G, 8.5G, 4.25G, 2.125G, 1.0625G, 10G BASE-SW/SR/LR/ER,
1000Base-SX Ethernet.
Key Features of 10G SFP+:
Compliant to SFP+ Electrical MSA SFF-8431;
Compliant to SFP+ Mechanical MSA SFF-8432;
Multi rate of up to 11.3Gb/s;
10G Ethernet compliance;
2G/4G/8G Fibre Channel compliance;
Transmission distance up to 10km (SM fiber);
Low power consumption: 0.85W (Typ.);
0C to +70C case operating temperature range;
Laser Class 1 IEC / CDRH compliant;
RoHS 6/6 compliant;
Compliant with product safety standards.
10gmodule offers full line of 10G SFP+ fiber optic transceivers, including: SFP+ MM 300m, SFP+ 10km, SFP+ 40km, CWDM
SFP+, DWDM SFP+, BiDi SFP+, and series of Compatible Brands such as Cisco compatible, Juniper Compatible, HP
compatible SFP plus transceivers. In the following is the Cisco 10G SFP+ modules among the hottest ones.
Cisco SFP-10G-SR
The Cisco SFP-10G-SR module supports a link length of 26m on standard Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)-grade
multimode fiber (MMF). Using 2000MHz*km MMF (OM3), up to 300m link lengths are possible. Using 4700MHz*km MMF (OM4),
up to 400m link lengths are possible.
Cisco SFP-10G-SR-X
The Cisco SFP-10G-SR-X is a 10GBASE-SR module for extended operating temperature range. It supports a link length of
26m on standard Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)-grade multimode fiber (MMF). Using 2000MHz*km MMF (OM3), up to
300m link lengths are possible. Using 4700MHz*km MMF (OM4), up to 400m link lengths are possible.
Cisco SFP-10G-LRM
The Cisco 10GBASE-LRM Module supports link lengths of 220m on standard Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) grade
multimode fiber (MMF). To ensure that specifications are met over FDDI-grade, OM1 and OM2 fibers, the transmitter
should be coupled through a mode conditioning patch cord.
Cisco SFP-10G-LR
The Cisco 10GBASE-LR Module supports a link length of 10 kilometers on standard single-mode fiber (SMF, G.652).
Cisco SFP-10G-LR-X
The Cisco SFP-10G-LR-X is a multirate 10GBASE-LR, 10GBASE-LW and OTU2/OTU2e module for extended operating temperature
range. It supports a link length of 10 kilometers on standard single-mode fiber (SMF, G.652).
Cisco SFP-10G-ER
The Cisco 10GBASE-ER Module supports a link length of up to 40 kilometers on standard single-mode fiber (SMF, G.652).
Cisco SFP-10G-ZR
The Cisco SFP-10G-ZR is a multirate 10GBASE-ZR, 10GBASE-ZW and OTU2/OTU2e module. It supports link lengths of up to
about 80 kilometers on standard single-mode fiber (SMF, G.652). This interface is not specified as part of the 10
Gigabit Ethernet standard and is instead built according to Cisco specifications.
As an experienced fiber optic manufacturer, 10gmodule is capable to customize the completely Cisco compatible 10G SFP+
transceiver according to our customers’ requests. Or you can choose 10gmodule original 10G SFP+ transceivers as
you like, which is also ideal for your networking.
Related:
http://www.realtown.com/sfpdirectattachcables/blog/frequently-asked-questions-of-optical-transceiver/
http://sopto1.fotopages.com/?entry=7082275
http://zerolang.unblog.fr/2013/04/17/guide-to-identify-cisco-glc-sx-mm/
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